World economy

The world economy is a complex and closely linked system of countries, regions, organizations and global markets. As of 2025, some of the prominent trends and issues of the world economy can be summarized as follows.

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Overview of the world economy in 2025

1. Global growth is recovering but diverging

The IMF and the World Bank forecast global growth in 2025 at around 3%, but there is a clear differentiation between groups of countries:

The US and developed countries tend to grow stably.

China faces slowing growth, affected by the real estate market and geopolitical tensions.

Europe recovers slowly due to energy pressure, inflation and war costs (Russia-Ukraine).

Developing countries are affected by high public debt, currency devaluation and climate change.

 Key drivers

2. Inflation & monetary policy

After a period of strong interest rate hikes by central banks (2022–2024), 2025 will see:

A trend of interest rates falling or remaining at a stable high level.

The goal of controlling inflation to a safe threshold (~2% in developed countries).

The US dollar remains strong, putting pressure on economies borrowing in USD.

3. Global supply chains and trade

Restructuring of supply chains after the COVID-19 pandemic and the US-China trade war.

Shifting production to countries such as Vietnam, India, Mexico (the “China +1” strategy).

Increasing protectionism: tariffs, export restrictions, localization regulations.

Green economy and energy transition

4. Climate and sustainability transition

Investment in renewable energy, battery technology, electric transport.

Growth of carbon credit markets, cross-border carbon taxes (CBAM).

Developing countries face pressure to "go green" but lack capital and technology.

Technology & digital transformation

5. Artificial intelligence (AI) and automation

AI boosts productivity, but also changes the global labor structure.

The job market is changing rapidly, requiring new skills and new social security policies.

Many countries are investing heavily in national AI, such as the US, China, India, and South Korea.

Key risks and challenges

6. Geopolitics and economic war

US-China strategic competition.

Regional tensions: Russia-Ukraine, Taiwan, Middle East.

Economies must balance security - trade - technology.

7. Public debt & financial crisis

Many poor countries face debt crises, finding it difficult to access cheap capital.

Risk of systemic default in some countries (Sri Lanka, Ghana...).

Increasing role of IMF, World Bank, and regional organizations such as BRICS.

Some long-term trends

Trend Description Fragmented geoeconomy Supply chain decoupling, new blocs emerging Digital economy E-commerce, digital finance, blockchain Banking restructuring Emergence of digital banks, CBDC Regional cooperation ASEAN, EU, AU, Mercosur, BRICS+ increasing role Biotechnology Promoting healthcare, agriculture and energy .

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Billionaires' Dreams About the Economy

DEVELOPMENT ECONOMY: THE JOURNEY FROM COOPERATIVE THINKING TO SUSTAINABLE MECHANISM.

Photo image Eraldo Costa

I. Economy is not just numbers, but a social-ethical structure

In the digital age and the spread of non-traditional monetary systems, the economy is no longer simply the circulation of goods and services according to pure market rules. The economy, especially in the context of development, is a place that directly reflects a country's value system: from the way benefits are distributed, the establishment of ownership, to the way institutions are designed to serve the people. 

Investing in virtual markets, if coordinated and guided by a strategic mindset, can become a tool to reduce virtual currency inflation, reduce pressure on real capital, and create a flexible economic ecosystem to help the country respond when the monetary network is unstable. Importantly, this is not intended to replace the real economy, but to play a complementary role, to spread risks, and to expand market participation opportunities for those who do not have the conditions to participate in the traditional value chain. 

II. Supply and demand are no longer two opposing forces, but two fulcrums of a cooperative system 

The classic market mindset places supply and demand as two opposite poles - sellers seek high prices, buyers seek low prices - but in a developed economy, this is no longer appropriate. Reality shows that both the supply and demand sides are subjects with needs: the supplier does not only sell, but also needs to invest - needs the market; Consumers are not just consuming, but are cooperating to achieve efficiency in life and livelihood.

Neutralizing this relationship – that is, recognizing the legitimate interests of both sides – is the foundation for building a cooperative economy. This is also the fundamental principle for models such as new cooperatives, the sharing economy, and decentralized market systems in the digital space.

III. Housing and real estate: from speculative assets to public infrastructure

One of the most important indicators of the quality of economic development is how society treats land and housing. If real estate is considered a speculative tool, the economy will face the risk of bubbles, imbalances in ownership structures, and the marginalization of millions of people.

 On the contrary, if land and housing are established as basic social security infrastructure, coordinated within the framework of legal and sustainable economic zones, it is an effective mechanism to build social trust, attract investment in people's livelihood, and ensure long-term stability for the domestic consumption base. 

IV. Towards a model of rule of law - people's livelihood - security assurance

Economic development cannot be separated from the law. However, in the current context, the law needs to be personalized, that is, linked to the rights, capacities and protection of each specific citizen, instead of just existing as a theoretical framework on paper. Personalizing the law is also the most powerful way to push back corruption: when each person has the ability to monitor, prosecute and protect themselves, the management apparatus cannot operate arbitrarily. 

 At the same time, a security apparatus – not only in terms of order but also in terms of the digital economy, data ownership and privacy – is a necessary condition for building social trust, which no modern economy can lack.

V. Conclusion: Economic development is a dynamic moral structure

A developed economy cannot be measured solely by GDP growth. It must be evaluated by its ability to reduce vulnerability to the disadvantaged, distribute benefits fairly, promote cooperation rather than confrontation, and build a transparent and effective legal – legal – moral ecosystem.

When people not only survive but also participate fairly, have a voice and are protected in the economic process, then we will truly enter a period of development with identity, depth – and soul.

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Essential Requirements of a Developing Economy

The dream of supply and demand: carries many core ideas on how to build a sustainable, fair, modern and connected economy. Below is an analysis - restructuring - systematization of ideas that are clear and easy to meet reality.

Photo image Trading-Verstehen.de

🔍 Summary of economic thinking.

1. The role of investing in the virtual market

Limiting virtual currency inflation: Helps control the value and amount of money circulating in the digital system.

Reducing the risk of bankruptcy due to large capital: Allocating capital flexibly, avoiding concentrating in a risky area.

Generating revenue and turning the situation around: Being a "buffer" to help the economy respond quickly if a currency crisis occurs.

Promoting a cooperative economy on a population scale: Taking advantage of technology to connect people to local economic models such as real estate and legal housing.

 2. The concept of supply and demand in a developed economy

Neutral supply and demand: Not manipulated, operating based on real demand.

Purposeful centralized distribution: Centralized direction, but serving the common interest, not monopoly.

The demand side and the supply side are both “demanding sides”: Profound thinking — in modern society, supply is not just selling, but the need to share, invest, produce; demand is not just consumption but also cooperation.

 3. Essential requirements of a developing economy

Components Content Profit 📈 The economy must generate profits, creating motivation for the subjects🛡 Limit losses, Have policies to protect the weak, avoid major losses🏗 Association - SolidarityBuilding an economic community with solidarity and mutual support⚖ Personalized lawThe law must serve the people, ensure transparency - fight corruption🧱 Economic and social securityStrong state apparatus, creating trust and long-term stability

🧭 What does a developing economy need?

 ✅ 1. Neutral and transparent supply and demand

Do not let the powerful manipulate the market

Ensure people participate in the economic ecosystem

✅ 2. Targeted distribution, focusing on people's livelihoods

Redistribute wealth to improve the quality of life

Avoid concentrating benefits on a small group

✅ 3. Ethical growth

Profits go hand in hand with social responsibility

Invest in infrastructure development, health care, education

✅ 4. Model of cooperation, people's alliance

Community production - consumption - investment complex

Promote the "solidarity economy" model

✅ 5. Rule of law - personalization

Each citizen has the right and legal tools to protect themselves

Fight corruption from the root: transparency, people's supervision.

✅ 6. Apparatus to enhance trust

The government is not only governing and accompanying

Building a safe, stable, and trustworthy ecosystem.

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